Uterine sarcomas represent a small percentage of all gynecologic malignancies. Their incidence reportedly varies between 2.6% and 9.7% of all uterine corpus malignancies and accounts for 1% of all genital malignancies.^1,2,3 Although infrequent, uterine sarcomas are among the most lethal of all uterine malignancies. The 5-year survival rate reportedly ranges from 30% to 68%. Because of confusion concerning nomenclature and diagnostic criteria, the reports and results from sarcoma studies are difficult to interpret.

The multiple tissues composing some of these malignancies have made their pathogenesis speculative. Several etiologic theories have been proposed.^4,5,6 Leiomyosarcomas originate from smooth muscle, and endometrial stromal sarcomas originate from endometrial stroma tissue. The confusion concerns those sarcomas containing tissues foreign to the uterus. It is difficult to explain how cartilage, bone, fat, or skeletal muscle suddenly appears in a mature organ where the tissue does not normally reside.

The literature has been confusing since Virchow's description of “medullary sarcomas” in 1860.⁷ One reason for this confusion has been the lack of a standardized nomenclature. There have been as many as 119 different terms used for one variety of sarcoma.⁸ Poor nomenclature exists because of the lack of a generally recognized and accepted classification system. Zenker, in 1864, first suggested the concept of homologous and heterologous elements.⁹ This is the basis of the classification used today by most authors; however, its adoption has been slow. Homologous refers to tissue normally found in the uterus, such as smooth muscle, endometrial stroma, and vascular and fibrous tissue. Heterologous refers to tissue foreign to the uterus, such as cartilage, bone, skeletal muscle, and fat.

Since Zenker's report, other classifications have been proposed by Ober,⁵ Bartsich and colleagues,¹⁰ and Aaro and associates.¹¹ Ober's classification was the most comprehensive. He adopted Zenker's histologic recommendations and proposed an inclusive histologic classification for uterine sarcomas. His classification separates sarcomas according to the number and type of recognizable sarcomatous and carcinomatous tissues present. Ober further divided his histologic classification into pure and mixed sarcomas. A practical modification of Ober's classification of uterine sarcomas proposed by Kempson and Bari¹² follows.

1. Pure Sarcomas
   1. Pure homologous
      1. Leiomyosarcoma
         
      2. Stromal sarcoma
         
      3. Endolymphatic stromal myosis
         
      4. Angiosarcoma
         
      5. Fibrosarcoma
         
      
      
   2. Pure heterologous
      1. Rhabdomyosarcoma (including sarcoma botryoides)
         
      2. Chondrosarcoma
         
      3. Osteosarcoma
         
      4. Liposarcoma
         
      
      
   
   
2. Mixed Sarcomas
   1. Mixed homologous
      
   2. Mixed heterologous (including mixed heterologous sarcomas with or without homologous elements)
      
3. Mixed Malignant Müllerian Tumors (Mixed Mesodermal Tumors)
   1. Mixed malignant müllerian tumor, homologous type (carcinoma plus leiomyosarcoma, stromal sarcoma, or fibrosarcoma, or mixtures of these sarcomas)
      
   2. Mixed malignant müllerian tumor, heterologous type
      
   
   
4. Sarcoma, Unclassified
   
5. Malignant Lymphoma
   

A modification of this classification has been suggested by Clement and Scully.¹³ Stromal sarcoma and endolymphatic stromal myosis have been combined into one category, endometrial stromal sarcoma. This is subdivided into low grade (endolymphatic stromal myosis) and high grade (endometrial stromal sarcoma).

Endolymphatic stromal myosis was benign in this series but has been classified as a sarcoma because of reported recurrences and metastases.

Pure sarcomas are those malignancies containing a single sarcomatous element, and mixed sarcomas are those containing two or more sarcomatous elements. The sarcomatous elements may be either homologous or heterologous. Pure or mixed sarcomas may be present with or without epithelial malignancies. When epithelial elements (carcinoma) are present, the tumor is called a mixed malignant müllerian sarcoma. The carcinomatous tissue may be either adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma. This combination of sarcomatous and carcinomatous tissue has caused the greatest confusion in the literature.

Some sarcomas are composed of extremely undifferentiated cells, and it is impossible to adequately identify them histologically. These tumors are categorized as “unclassified.”

Leiomyosarcomas

OCCURRENCE.

Leiomyosarcoma is the most common uterine sarcoma, representing 16% to 75% of all uterine sarcomas.^5,10,11,14 Because uterine leiomyomas are so common, many researchers have attempted to establish that leiomyosarcomas result from sarcomatous changes in preexisting leiomyomas. A review of the literature reveals the frequency of this sarcomatous change to vary from 0.13% to 10% of leiomyomas, averaging 1.46%.^{3,14,15,16,17,18} The actual incidence is much less than this because it is impossible to identify all uterine leiomyomas and to adequately sample all leiomyomas for sarcomatous changes.

CLINICAL FINDINGS.

Because the average age of these patients is the middle 50s, leiomyosarcomas are primarily a disease of postmenopausal women.^19,20,21 The majority of these patients will present with abnormal uterine bleeding. This bleeding is postmenopausal in 48% of women with leiomyosarcomas.¹⁹ Other symptoms and findings include vaginal discharge, pelvic pain, abdominal or pelvic masses, and vaginal prolapse. The majority of patients do not have the triad of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity.

Norris and Taylor suggested an etiologic relation between pelvic irradiation and uterine sarcomas. However, none of their patients with leiomyosarcomas had antecedent pelvic irradiation.²² In a report from the University of Iowa that included 24 leiomyosarcomas, only two patients had received prior pelvic irradiation: one for benign disease and one for ovarian carcinoma.¹⁹

PATHOLOGY.

Gross.

The uterus is frequently enlarged and may be regularly or irregularly shaped, and a mass may be visible through the external cervical os. The size of these tumors varies considerably and ranges from 4 to 40 cm.²⁰ They may have a benign gross appearance and be mistaken for leiomyomas. Because of extensive growth, other tumors may have undergone necrosis and the malignancy is suspected. These tumors have been described as “unencapsulated, soft, gray-white to gray-tan, and bulging on sectioning” (Fig. 1). The whorled pattern of muscle fibers characteristic of leiomyomas is usually not visible.

Microscopic.

Leiomyosarcomas are composed of malignant uterine smooth-muscle cells. The cells are elongated with tapered ends. Microscopically these tumors may histologically resemble the normal uterine musculature (Fig. 2). The less differentiated the sarcoma, the less it resembles a leiomyoma. As the cellularity increases, nuclear atypism increases, the cytoplasm becomes more eosinophilic, and the number of giant cells increases (Fig. 3).

The microscopic diagnosis of leiomyosarcomas and other sarcomas has evolved slowly. Many authors have related the number of mitotic figures and the diagnosis of sarcomas.^{11,12,16,21,23,24} Evans was the first to document this information in 1920. He divided his cases into high, moderate, and low mitotic counts, depending on the number of mitotic figures per cubic millimeter of tissue.¹⁶ Novak and Anderson³ in 1937, Kimbrough² in 1934, and Randall¹⁵ in 1943 reported supporting evidence. Several other diagnostic criteria have been suggested including cellularity, pleomorphism, evidence of giant cells, anaplasia, and evidence of blood vessel invasion.^3,15,25 Most authors now accept 10 mitotic figures per 10 high-powered fields (HPF) as diagnostic of sarcomas. In 1981, Ellis and Whitehead discussed some of the possible flaws in this method. They stated that because of the difference in microscopes, the area of a HPF could differ by a factor of six. They suggested that for this reason the number of mitoses be expressed as the number of mitoses per square millimeter.²⁶ Despite this admonition, most researchers agree that the mitotic count is the most reproducible and prognostically accurate method for diagnosing homologous sarcomas.²⁷

Physicians should count the number of mitotic figures in at least 20 HPF from various areas of the tumor. The average number of these mitotic figures determines the malignant potential of the tumor. Kempson and Bari¹² have demonstrated that there is nothing magical about the number 10. In their study, the patients with five to nine mitotic figures in 10 HPF did poorly. The mitotic figures can be very difficult to identify; therefore, the number counted can only be an approximation. Most researchers agree if the average number of mitotic figures per 10 HPF is 10 or greater, the tumors are definitely sarcomas.²⁰

Atypism of the stromal cell and the presence and number of giant cells are not directly related to the diagnosis of leiomyosarcoma. However, the more undifferentiated the sarcoma, the more atypical the cells. Tumors with large numbers of mitotic figures contain more giant cells and more atypical stromal cells. Vascular invasion is an infrequent finding and is usually observed in leiomyosarcomas with more than 10 mitotic figures per 10 HPF.

PROGNOSIS.

A number of factors influencing survival have been studied:

  Anaplasia²⁸
  Race^18,25
  Cellularity¹¹
  Pleomorphism^{3,11,17,18,29}
  Presence of giant cells^12,28
  Presence of mitotic figures^12,20,25
  Evidence of blood vessel invasion^10,14,18
  Amount of disease^25,29,30
  Menarche status^14,25
  Origin in leiomyomas^{3,17,18,28,29}
  Gross appearance of disease^25,29

Once a sarcoma has been diagnosed, survival is directly related to the volume of tumor. The amount of disease rather than the method of therapy seems to be the most important factor affecting survival. The survival is best if the disease is confined to the uterus, and it decreases as the extent of the disease increases. The 5-year survival rate for leiomyosarcomas has been reported to vary from 0 to 68%.^{10,14,17,19,25,28}

Spiro²⁹ reported 77% of his patients had recurrent disease within 24 months; 88.2% of our patients had recurrences within 24 months.¹⁹ Within 24 months, 94.1% of our patients with recurrent disease died. The most common sites of recurrence are the pelvis and lungs; other sites include the liver, skin, spinal cord, ribs, and skull.¹⁹

In general, the literature concerning sarcomas is confusing, especially endometrial stromal sarcomas and endolymphatic stromal myosis. This confusion is demonstrated by the variety of terms in the literature, including endometrial stromal endometriosis, endolymphatic stromal myosis, endometrioma interstitiale, endometrial stromal sarcoma, and stromatosis.^31,32,33,34 Confusion surrounds the origin of these cells, their relation to vascular sarcomas, and the criteria for malignancy.

These are the second most common pure homologous sarcomas. They reportedly account for 12.5% to 23% of uterine sarcomas.^1,12,19 Gitstein and colleagues reported that of the approximately 400 cases reported in Israel, more than half are high grade.³⁵

Stromal Sarcoma (High Grade)

CLINICAL FINDINGS.

This sarcoma is common in postmenopausal women; the ages range from the second to the eighth decade of life.

These patients usually present with abnormal uterine bleeding, commonly postmenopausal. Other reported symptoms include abdominal enlargement and pelvic discomfort. There are no medical diseases common to patients with stromal sarcoma, and none of the eight patients seen at the University of Iowa received prior pelvic irradiation.¹⁹

PATHOLOGY.

Gross.

The uterus is frequently enlarged and irregular. These tumors are soft and grayish to yellow and have bulging margins. They have infiltrating borders and frequently involve not only the endometrium but also penetrate the myometrium. Hemorrhage and necrosis are common as they increase in size and occupy more of the uterine cavity.

Microscopic.

Endometrial stromal sarcomas are composed of monotonous sheets of cells with basophilic nuclei and scant cytoplasm. These cells are usually round with dark-staining nuclei and resemble cells of the endometrial stroma as opposed to the long, thin, tapered cells of the uterine musculature²¹ (Fig. 4). Endometrial glands may or may not be present, and their absence may be the result of either an atrophic endometrium or replacement by the stromal sarcoma. The endometrial stromal sarcoma may invade the myometrial smooth muscle to various degrees (Fig. 5).

Certain researchers have suggested a possible histologic relationship between endometrial stromal sarcoma and hemangiopericytomas.^36,37 Electron microscopic studies have demonstrated a resemblance between stromal sarcoma cells and proliferative endometrium but no resemblance to the pericytes of hemangiopericytomas.³⁸ Vascular involvement is observed less frequently in high-grade than low-grade tumors. Spread by high-grade tumors is primarily by hematogenous means to the lungs and bone and transperitoneally to the abdominal organs.³⁹

DIAGNOSIS.

The diagnosis of a high-grade endometrial stromal sarcoma is based on a mitotic count of 10 or more mitotic figures per 10 HPF.

PROGNOSIS.

The prognosis depends on the amount of disease. The reported 5-year survival ranges from 0 to 70%. This wide range results from confusion about the diagnosis.^12,19,32,39 When reports of similar histologic types are compared, the reported 5-year survivals are 0, 25%, and 55%.^12,19,39

Endolymphatic Stromal Myosis

Numerous authors have reported that endometrial stromal myosis occurs predominately in premenopausal women.^39,40,41 Bard and Zuna reported an average age of 42 years.⁴⁰ Endolymphatic stromal myosis is composed of nodules of stromal cells with rounded nuclei and dense cytoplasm (Fig. 6). These tumors have frequently been confused with endometrial stromal sarcoma. The determination of the number of mitotic figures per 10 HPF is important in separating these two tumors. Endolymphatic stromal myoses have fewer than five mitotic figures per 10 HPF, and they have pushing rather than infiltrating margins (Fig. 7). Although these tumors have an innocuous appearance and prolonged clinical course, they can be fatal. The 5-year survival reportedly ranges from 66% to 100%.^19,34,40 Some of these tumors reportedly contain estrogen and progesterone receptors.^41,42 This may be the reason why some of them are sensitive to progesterone therapy. Bard and Zuna reported that nearly 40% of their Stage 1 endometrial stromal myosis (low grade) eventually recurs in the pelvis, abdominal cavity, and lungs. These recurrences may manifest themselves years after primary therapy.^39,43,44

Endometrial stromal myosis frequently has apparent extensive vascular invasion. In spite of this apparent invasion, this tumor has an excellent prognosis. Fung and associates studied this apparent paradox by using electron microscopy, immunoperoxidase identification of Factor VII as a marker for the endothelium, and light microscopy for serial sections. The spaces were demonstrated to be vascular. They reported that the tumor cells had indented and invaginated the endothelium, creating an illusion that the tumor was present within the lumen. In reality, an intact endothelium and basement membrane separated the tumor from the lumen.⁴⁵

Piver and colleagues reported that some survival may be due to the hormonal sensitivity of these tumors.⁴²

Vascular Sarcomas

Tumors of vascular origin such as hemangiopericytomas are extremely rare, and readers are referred to the report by Pedowitz and colleagues³⁷ for further information concerning these tumors.

Müllerian Adenosarcoma

OCCURRENCE.

This is a newly identified variety of uterine sarcoma, and only 14 cases have been reported. Clement and Scully⁴⁶ first described 10 cases in 1974. Roth and associates⁴⁷ reported the electron microscopic findings in one additional patient. Blythe and co-workers,¹⁹ in a 33-year review from the University of Iowa, added three cases.

CLINICAL FINDINGS.

The ages of patients reported by Clement and Scully⁴⁶ ranged from 21 to 84 years, averaging 71 years. The ages of the three patients from the University of Iowa averaged 62 years. The gravidity of all reported patients ranged from 0 to 16. The majority of all patients presented with abnormal uterine bleeding. Other presenting symptoms included abdominal pain and vaginal discharge. None of the patients in the three reports had received prior pelvic irradiation.

PATHOLOGY.

Gross.

The uterus is frequently enlarged, and the tumors may be large and fill the uterine cavity. Although Clement and Scully⁴⁶ reported four cases in which the tumor occluded the endocervical canal, in only one instance did it prolapse through the external cervical os. None of the patients in the University of Iowa study had a mass prolapsing through the external cervical os. Clement and Scully described their tumors as soft and ranging in color from gray to white and pink to yellow.

Microscopic.

This polypoid tumor displays a distinct pattern composed of benign-appearing endometrial glands surrounded by malignant stromal cells. The glands are uniformly distributed throughout the stroma, resemble proliferative endometrium, and are lined by a layer of columnar epithelium. Some of the branching glands show focal cellular stratification with nuclear pleomorphism. In addition, some glands contain hyaline secretions that stain by the periodic acid-Schiff technique. The glands are surrounded by a dense cellular stroma.

The stromal cells have oval or round nuclei and prominent nucleoli surrounded by scant eosinophilic cytoplasm. They frequently have indistinct cell borders. The stroma may vary from dense periglandular cellularity to areas of sparse cellularity. Several mitotic figures may be visible, and the reported numbers vary between 7 and 16 per 10 HPF. Focal areas of hemorrhage and necrosis are present (Fig. 8 and Fig. 9).

Electron microscopic studies support the theory that these malignancies arise from undifferentiated multipotential müllerian stem cells.^4,5,6,7

PROGNOSIS.

These tumors are classified separately, not only because of their distinct microscopic pattern but also because they reportedly are less lethal. Five of Clement and Scully's⁴⁶ patients were living and well at 3 months, 1 year, 2½ years, 6 years, and 7½ years; one patient died at 4 years, clinically free of disease. Four patients had recurrent disease: three were local recurrences, and one was distant. The three patients reported from the University of Iowa had surgical removal of their disease. Patients died at 36 months and at 8½ and 10½ years with no evidence of disease. The activity of these three tumors supports Clement and Scully's⁴⁶ original contention that these tumors are less malignant and should be classified accordingly.

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common pure heterologous sarcoma. Other heterologous sarcomas include chondrosarcoma, osteogenic sarcoma, and liposarcoma, which are curiosities in their pure form and will not be discussed further.⁴⁸

OCCURRENCE.

Rhabdomyosarcomas occur in two locations in the female genitalia. Some are confined to the uterine cavity (myometrium), and others arise from the cervix and vagina. Vaginal rhabdomyosarcomas of young girls are commonly referred to as sarcoma botryoides.⁴⁹

Anderson and Edmansson reported the first rhabdomyosarcoma of the corpus uteri in 1869, and the first English report was by Robertson in 1909.^50,51 Donkers and colleagues⁵² in 1972 reported two cases and reviewed the literature. They were able to find 49 rhabdomyosarcomas of the corpus uteri reported since 1869. Except for reports by Kukla and Douglas⁵¹ and Middlebrook and Tennant,⁵⁰ most studies are reports of one to three patients. A 33-year review of all uterine sarcomas at the University of Iowa revealed no pure corpus uteri rhabdomyosarcomas.

CLINICAL FINDINGS.

The ages of the 49 patients first reported and the 2 patients reported by Donkers and colleagues ranged from 36 to 90 years. Forty-seven of 51 patients were 50 years of age or older. Postmenopausal uterine bleeding was the most common presenting symptom in these 51 patients.⁵²

PATHOLOGY.

Gross.

The uterus is frequently enlarged. The tumor has been described as polypoid or pedunculated; its consistency is soft and fleshy, and necrosis can be present. The color varies widely, from brown to pink and white to yellow.⁵¹

Microscopic.

In 1946, Stout⁵³ established the histologic features of skeletal muscle tumors. In 1950, Stobe and Dargeon⁵⁴ classified some of these tumors as “embryonal” rhabdomyosarcomas. In 1956, Riopelle and Theriault⁵⁵ described a distinct histologic pattern as “alveolar” rhabdomyosarcoma. A third histologic variety is “pleomorphic.” A uterine rhabdomyosarcoma may contain one, all, or any combination of these forms.

The pleomorphic form is usually very cellular, and the cells are characteristically spindle shaped. The pleomorphic cells have also been described as broad, elongated, straplike or ribbon-shaped cells.⁵⁶ Multiple nuclei may be arranged in tandem or syncytium-like masses. Longitudinal striations and cross-striations may be demonstrated.

Alveolar rhabdomyosarcomas are characterized by “alveoli” separated by delicate trabeculae formed by neoplastic muscle fibers. This histologic pattern resembles epithelial adenocarcinomas. The center of each alveolus may contain unattached cells, which may be giant or multinucleated. The giant cells may have longitudinal or cross-striations.

Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is characterized by long, thin, tapering cells. There is a single central nucleus with abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. Some cells may be round with scant cytoplasm and no distinguishing features. Longitudinal striations may be difficult to see, but distinct cross-striations may be very numerous and easy to identify⁵⁶ (Fig. 10).

PROGNOSIS.

There have been few reported pure uterine corpus rhabdomyosarcomas. One must refer to literary reviews to learn the survival rates. Kukla and Douglas⁵¹ stated that 14 of 19 patients died between 1 day and 11 months after therapy. Five patients were alive and well 7 to 36 months after therapy. Rachmaninoff and Climie⁵⁷ reported five patients who died at 6 to 33 months and two patients who were alive and well at 5 years. Wolfe and Mackles⁵⁸ reported one patient who died at 6 months. Peckham and Green⁵⁹ reported one patient who died at 8 months. A long survival with a uterine corpus rhabdomyosarcoma seems unlikely.

Sarcoma Botryoides

OCCURRENCE.

Sarcoma botryoides is the most common tumor of the genitourinary tract in infants and children and the most common sarcoma of somatic soft tissue in children.⁶⁰ In females, this is a rare rhabdomyosarcoma arising from the vagina and cervix of young girls.

CLINICAL FINDINGS.

Sarcoma botryoides is primarily a vaginal tumor of small girls. Hilgers and colleagues⁶¹ and Davos and Abel1⁶² cumulatively reported on 66 patients. The patients' ages ranged from 5 months to 5 years. Sarcoma botryoides usually presents as an asymptomatic mass and may first be observed by the parents when bathing the child. Blood or a mucous discharge may appear on the child's diapers or underwear. In Hilger and colleagues' report on 61 patients with sarcoma botryoides, 44.3% had a vaginal mass, 21.3% had vaginal bleeding, and 16.4% had both symptoms.⁶¹ Symptoms arising from areas other than the urogenital system are usually secondary to metastatic disease.

PATHOLOGY.

Gross.

In 1854, Guersant first reported a polypoid tumor of the vagina in a young girl.⁶³ Pfannensteil⁶⁴ in 1892 first described the grapelike appearance of this tumor. The term sarcoma botryoides (grapelike) is descriptive, based on the gross appearance of the tumor.

Grossly, these tumors are composed of multiple polyp-like structures in a botryoides growth pattern. They appear as a mass of edematous polyps. The surface is shiny and whitish pink to grayish red. The polyps frequently fill and extrude from the vagina (Fig. 11). The anatomical location provides the tumors with a space to grow and accounts for the grapelike appearance of the tumor. When sectioned, the tumors appear translucent with an edematous or myxomatous cut surface and resemble a benign inflammatory polyp.

Microscopic.

In 1900, Wilms described the microscopic details of this tumor.⁶ Sarcoma botryoides is usually an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma but may contain any or all three histologic types (alveolar, pleomorphic, or embryonal). The following microscopic features are characteristic: an overlying epithelium, a subepithelial cambium layer, round and spindle-shaped cells, and central myxomatous stroma.⁶¹

These tumors originate in the subepithelial tissue of the vagina. As they grow into the vaginal cavity, the polyps retain the original vaginal squamous epithelial covering (Fig. 12).

Immediately beneath the covering epithelium is the cambium layer. This layer is composed of round and spindle-shaped cells closely packed together. The typical rhabdomyoblast may be visible here. The rhabdomyoblast is an immature malignant cell that resembles striated muscle cells in different phases of development: round, racket, or straplike forms.^61,65,66 The cytoplasm is eosinophilic and granular. Cross-striations can be readily demonstrated with the use of a phosphotungstic acid-hematoxylin stain (PTAH).

The central portion of the polyps is relatively acellular (see Fig. 12) and is composed mainly of myxomatous tissue, but a few spindle- or stellate-shaped cells may be visible.

Transmission electron microscopy of these tumors is of little diagnostic value. Toker has stated that determination of “characteristics of the neoplasm (rhabdomyosarcoma) on an ultrastructure basis has not been possible.”⁶⁷ The rhabdomyoblasts with their cross-striations are best identified with light microscopy (see Fig. 10).

PROGNOSIS.

The prognosis for this tumor is poor. The 5-year survival reportedly varies from 0 to 50%.^{49,60,61,68,69} Hilgers and colleagues⁶¹ reported that the following factors appear to favor the prognosis: minimal delay between the onset of symptoms and operation, superficial involvement in the vagina without local extension, anterior located lesions, adequate aggressive surgical resection, and total vulvectomy as part of the surgical procedure.

Sarcomas may be any combination of homologous or heterologous elements. Combinations of homologous forms result in mixed homologous sarcomas and combinations of heterologous forms in mixed heterologous sarcomas. In either case, these tumors are purely homologous or heterologous although the tumor may consist of more than one sarcoma. If one, two, or more heterologous elements are present and homologous forms are also present, the tumor is still a mixed heterologous sarcoma. These are unusual sarcomas. In a 33-year review at the University of Iowa, one patient had a mixed heterologous sarcoma composed of a rhabdomyosarcoma and an osteosarcoma.

Mixed Malignant Müllerian Sarcomas

OCCURRENCE.

In a series reported by Chuang and colleagues,⁷⁰ mixed malignant müllerian sarcomas represented 2% of all uterine malignancies. These tumors reportedly accounted for 20% to 42% of all uterine sarcomas.^{1,11,19,70,71,72} The homologous variety accounts for 25% to 60% and the heterologous variety for 6% to 58% of these tumors.^19,70,73 Most authors report the homologous variety to be the most common. These tumors are divided into subgroups depending on their histologic components. Because these different components are mainly of histologic rather than prognostic interest, these tumors will be discussed as one group (mixed malignant müllerian sarcomas) except when indicated.

CLINICAL FINDINGS.

These uterine sarcomas, like most uterine malignancies, occur mainly in postmenopausal women. Sternberg and colleagues⁷⁴ reported an average age of 59.1 years; Rachmaninoff and Climie⁵⁷, 64 years; DiSaia and associates,³⁰ 59.9 years; Williamson and Christopherson,⁷³ 64 years; and Blythe and co-workers,¹⁹ 63.5 years. This is a slightly older age of incidence than that for the previously discussed sarcomas. All of these authors report abnormal uterine bleeding as the most common presenting symptom.

Parity reportedly varies in these patients from zero to more than four.^19,67,74,75 The incidence of obesity, diabetes, and hypertension in mixed müllerian sarcomas is shown in Table 1. Schwartz and colleagues⁷⁶ reported 104 cases of various sarcomas including mixed malignant müllerian sarcomas. They could demonstrate no correlation between these tumors and diabetes, hypertension, and obesity. Table 2 lists the race of these patients. Pelvic irradiation has been of interest to students of uterine sarcomas, and Table 3 lists the percentage of patients who had received prior pelvic irradiation regardless of the reason. Schaepmen-Van Geuns reported that previous irradiation was not an important etiologic factor in these tumors.⁷⁹

TABLE 1. Incidence of Obesity, Diabetes, and Hypertension in Mixed Malignant Müllerian Sarcomas

TABLE 2. Mixed Malignant Müllerian Sarcomas by Race

TABLE 3. Mixed Malignant Müllerian Sarcomas in Patients With Previous Pelvic Irradiation

The uterus has been described as enlarged in the majority of patients.^{19,57,70,72,77,78} In the reports that separated mixed homologous and heterologous tumors, both varieties had enlarged uteri.^19,71 These tumors grow from a broad base in a polypoid fashion to occupy most of the uterine cavity. They are usually soft, friable tumors and are reddish pink, yellow to gray and red, or pink, with areas of necrosis and hemorrhage.^72,75 These tumors are frequently confused with prolapsing leiomyomas because a mass may be seen protruding through the external cervical os (Fig. 13) (Table 4).

TABLE 4. Incidence of Prolapsing Cervical Mass in Mixed Malignant Müllerian Sarcomas

Various terms including mixed mesodermal tumors, mixed müllerian mesenchymal sarcoma and carcinoma, and mesenchymal sarcomas have been used to describe these tumors.^{5,57,70,70,71,72,73,74,80} These sarcomas contain both stromal and epithelial malignancies and may contain a variety of either malignancy.

The homologous variety contains sarcomatous elements derived from tissue normally present in the uterus. These tumors are commonly referred to as carcinosarcomas (Fig. 14 and Fig. 15).

The heterologous variety contains sarcomatous elements derived from tissue foreign to the uterus. These tumors are commonly referred to as mixed mesodermal tumors. The name should include the term heterologous because this is specific (Fig. 16, Fig. 17, and Fig. 18).

In addition to the sarcomatous elements, these tumors also contain epithelial malignancies, either squamous or adenocarcinoma. Because they arise in the area of the endometrium, adenocarcinoma is the most common epithelial malignancy. Table 5 lists the reported frequency of the various malignant components. Leiomyosarcoma is the most commonly reported homologous component; rhabdomyosarcoma is the most frequently reported heterologous sarcoma. Adenocarcinoma is the most common epithelial malignancy.

TABLE 5. Frequency of Components in Mixed Malignant Müllerian Sarcomas

Once more than 10 mitotic figures per 10 HPF have been demonstrated, further cellular differentiation of these sarcomas is unimportant. The presence or absence of certain histologic types has been reported to be of some significance. Various authors have reported that survivors had no areas of rhabdomyosarcoma or osteosarcoma. However, cartilage (chondrosarcoma) was present in all survivors.^12,72 Because of this apparent difference in survival, we have recommended that carcinosarcomas and mixed heterologous mesodermal tumors be reported separately. Most authorities find no relation between the various heterologous elements and survival.^{11,57,70,73,77}

The most important prognostic factor reported by most authors is the amount of disease. If the disease, regardless of the histologic type, is confined to the uterus, the prognosis is best. When the survival rate is corrected for the extent of disease, the histologic component lacks significance.^{64,80,81,82,83,84} The prognosis worsens as the extent of the disease increases.^{12,30,70,72,79} The reported 5-year survival ranges from 0 to 60%.^46,73,79,80

In 1966, Aaro and associates¹¹ studied 177 patients with uterine sarcomas and concluded that hematogenous spread may occur early and that lymphatic spread was relatively infrequent. In 1978, DiSaia and colleagues⁸⁶ published one of the first articles devoted primarily to lymph node sampling in patients with uterine sarcomas. In 28 cases of Stage 1 and 2 uterine sarcomas, they reported a 35% incidence of pelvic node involvement. This study stimulated several researchers to investigate this question further. One hundred three patients were studied by Peters and associates.⁶⁵ In 1984, they reported that 8 of 59 patients (14%) undergoing surgical exploration had nodal metastasis. Five patients had positive pelvic and para-aortic nodes, two patients had only positive pelvic nodes, and one patient had positive para-aortic and negative pelvic lymph nodes. Since 1970, 13 patients with various uterine sarcomas have had planned nodal sampling, and four patients (31%) had positive nodes.

Wheelock and colleagues,⁸⁷ in 1985, studied leiomyosarcomas, mixed malignant müllerian sarcomas, and endometrial stromal sarcomas. Part of this study included pelvic and para-aortic node biopsies on 10 Stage 1 or 2 patients. Only two (20%) of these patients had nodal involvement.

In 1987, Major and associates⁸⁸ presented the results of the Gynecologic Oncology Group. Their patient population consisted of 174 patients with mixed malignant müllerian sarcomas, Stage 1 and 2, who had node sampling as part of their surgical staging. Twenty-seven of these patients (15.5%) had positive nodes. In 1989, Chen⁸⁵ reported on 20 patients (Stage 1) with planned para-aortic and pelvic node sampling. Nine of these patients (45%) had nodal disease. Six patients had both pelvic and para-aortic involvement, and three patients had only pelvic disease. Chen determined that the factors important in patients with positive nodes included leiomyosarcomas, age older than 65, and deep myometrial penetration.

1. Nieminen U, Soderlin E: Sarcoma of the corpus uteri: Results of the treatment of 117 cases. Strahlentherapie 148: 57, 1974

2. Kimbrough RA: Sarcoma of the uterus: Factors influencing results of treatment. Am J Obstet Gynecol 28: 723, 1934

3. Novak E, Anderson DF: Sarcoma of the uterus: Clinical and Pathologic study of fifty-nine cases. Am J Obstet Gynecol 34: 740, 1937

4. Papanicolaou GN, Maddi FV: Observations on the behavior of human endometrial cells in tissue culture. Am J Obstet Gynecol 76: 601, 1958

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